Heartburn is a common digestive symptom characterized by a burning sensation in the chest, typically behind the breastbone. It occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and discomfort.

Symptoms

The primary symptoms of heartburn include:

• A burning pain in the chest, often after eating or at night
• Discomfort that worsens when lying down or bending over
• A bitter or acidic taste in the mouth
• Difficulty swallowing
• Feeling of food “stuck” in the middle of the chest or throat

Causes

Heartburn is primarily caused by acid reflux, which occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) muscle doesn’t close properly. Common factors contributing to heartburn include:

• Certain foods and drinks (e.g., spicy foods, citrus, alcohol, caffeine)
• Large meals
• Obesity
• Pregnancy
• Smoking
• Certain medications

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of heartburn typically involves:

• Medical history and symptom assessment
• Physical examination
• In some cases, additional tests like endoscopy or pH monitoring

Treatment

Management of heartburn includes:

• Lifestyle modifications:
  • Avoiding trigger foods
  • Eating smaller meals
  • Not lying down immediately after eating
  • Losing weight if overweight
• Over-the-counter medications:
  • Antacids for quick relief
  • H2 blockers
  • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
• Prescription medications for severe cases
• In rare cases, surgical interventions may be considered

When to Seek Medical Attention

While occasional heartburn is common, persistent symptoms or those accompanied by the following require medical evaluation:

• Difficulty swallowing
• Persistent nausea or vomiting
• Unexplained weight loss
• Chest pain with shortness of breath or jaw/arm pain