Hiccups are repetitive, uncontrollable contractions of the diaphragm, the muscle structure below the lungs that regulates breathing. They are characterized by a distinctive “hic” sound produced when the vocal cords close suddenly.

Causes

Common causes of short-term hiccups include:

• Eating too quickly or too much
• Drinking carbonated beverages
• Swallowing air while chewing gum
• Consuming spicy foods
• Drinking alcohol
• Sudden changes in temperature
• Stress or excitement

Persistent or intractable hiccups may be caused by:

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Central nervous system disorders (e.g., tumors, infections)
• Certain medications (e.g., steroids, benzodiazepines)
• Metabolic disorders
• Nerve damage or irritation

Diagnosis

Most cases of hiccups do not require medical diagnosis. However, for persistent hiccups, a doctor may perform:

• Physical examination
• Review of medical history and medications
• Blood tests
• Imaging studies (if a neurological cause is suspected)

Treatment

For brief episodes, home remedies may help:

• Holding breath or breathing into a paper bag
• Drinking water quickly or from the opposite side of a glass
• Eating a spoonful of sugar or peanut butter

For persistent hiccups, treatment options include:

• Treating underlying conditions (e.g., GERD)
• Medications:
• Baclofen or gabapentin (first-line options)
• Metoclopramide
• Chlorpromazine
• In severe cases, nerve blocks or stimulators may be considered