Bloody stool, also known as rectal bleeding or hematochezia, refers to the presence of blood in feces. This symptom can manifest in various ways, from bright red blood on toilet paper to dark, tarry stools.

Causes

Common causes of bloody stool include:

• Hemorrhoids: Swollen blood vessels in the rectum or anus
• Anal fissures: Small tears in the lining of the anus
• Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD): Such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis
• Peptic ulcers: Sores in the stomach or small intestine
• Diverticular disease: Small pouches that form in the colon wall
• Colorectal polyps or cancer
• Gastroenteritis: Inflammation of the stomach and intestines

Less common causes may include angiodysplasia, Meckel’s diverticulum, or certain medications like blood thinners.

Symptoms

The appearance of blood in stool can vary:

• Bright red blood on toilet paper or in the toilet bowl
• Dark red or maroon-colored stools
• Black, tarry stools (melena)

Associated symptoms may include:

• Abdominal pain or cramping
• Changes in bowel habits
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Fatigue or weakness
• Nausea or vomiting

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves:

• Medical history review
• Physical examination: Including a digital rectal exam
• Fecal occult blood test
• Endoscopic procedures: Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy
• Blood tests
• Imaging studies: In some cases

Treatment

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include:

• Dietary modifications: Increasing fiber intake, staying hydrated
• Medications: Antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, or acid reducers
• Endoscopic procedures: To stop bleeding
• Surgery: For severe cases or certain conditions