Urine tests play a central role in urological diagnostics:

• Urine dipstick test: Quick orientation on pH value, leukocytes, nitrite, protein, glucose, ketone bodies, urobilinogen, bilirubin, and blood in urine
• Urine sediment: Microscopic examination for cells, crystals, and casts
• Urine culture: Detection of pathogens and determination of antibiotic sensitivity in case of suspected urinary tract infection

Blood tests include:

• Complete blood count and differential
• Kidney function tests (creatinine, urea)
• Electrolytes
• PSA (Prostate-specific antigen) as a tumor marker for prostate cancer
• Other tumor markers such as AFP and β-HCG for suspected testicular tumors

Semen analysis for fertility disorders:

• Examination of volume, pH value, concentration, motility, and morphology of sperm

Microbiological diagnostics:

• Swabs and cultures for suspected genital infections
• PCR tests for detection of specific pathogens such as chlamydia or gonococci

These examinations provide important information for diagnosis, therapy planning, and follow-up of urological diseases.