Headaches are common neurological symptoms characterized by pain in the head or face. They can vary widely in intensity, duration, and location.

Types of Headaches

Headaches are broadly classified into two main categories:

Primary Headaches

• Tension headaches: Most common type, feels like a tight band around the head
• Migraines: Throbbing pain, often on one side, accompanied by nausea and sensitivity to light and sound
• Cluster headaches: Severe, recurring pain usually behind one eye

Secondary Headaches

Caused by underlying medical conditions, such as:

• Sinus infections
• Concussions
• High blood pressure
• Brain tumors (rare)

Clinical Presentation

Symptoms vary depending on the type of headache but may include:

• Dull, aching pain
• Throbbing or pulsating sensation
• Pressure or tightness
• Nausea and vomiting (especially with migraines)
• Sensitivity to light, sound, or smells

Diagnostic Approach

1. Detailed medical history and physical examination
2. Neurological examination
3. Headache diary to track frequency, duration, and potential triggers
4. Imaging studies (MRI or CT scan) if red flags are present
5. Blood tests to rule out underlying conditions

Red Flags

Seek immediate medical attention for:

• Sudden, severe headache (“thunderclap headache”)
• Headache with fever, neck stiffness, or mental confusion
• Headache following head injury
• New onset of headaches after age 50
• Headaches associated with neurological symptoms

Management

Treatment depends on the type and cause of headache:

• Over-the-counter pain relievers for tension headaches
• Triptans or other prescription medications for migraines
• Oxygen therapy or injections for cluster headaches
• Lifestyle modifications and trigger avoidance
• Treatment of underlying conditions for secondary headaches

Remember, chronic or severe headaches warrant medical evaluation to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.