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Hematemesis

Hematemesis refers to vomiting blood, which is a serious symptom indicating bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract. This includes the esophagus, stomach, or first part of the small intestine (duodenum).

Causes

Common causes of hematemesis include:

  • Peptic ulcers
  • Gastritis
  • Esophageal varices
  • Mallory-Weiss tear
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Less common causes may include:

  • Stomach or esophageal cancer
  • Radiation exposure
  • Certain medications (e.g., NSAIDs, aspirin)

Symptoms

The main symptom is blood in vomit, which may appear as:

  • Bright red blood
  • Dark brown or black vomit
  • Coffee ground-like material

Associated symptoms can include:

  • Abdominal pain
  • Dizziness
  • Weakness
  • Pale or clammy skin

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves:

  • Medical history review
  • Physical examination
  • Endoscopy
  • Blood tests
  • Imaging studies in some cases

Treatment

Hematemesis is a medical emergency requiring prompt attention. Treatment may include:

  • Fluid resuscitation
  • Blood transfusions
  • Medications: To reduce stomach acid
  • Endoscopic procedures: To stop bleeding
  • Surgery: In severe cases